Hormones affect how the body stores fat, consumes energy and controls appetite, all of which are important aspects of metabolism and weight gain. Weight fluctuations can result from any imbalance in one of several important hormones that interact in intricate ways to maintain energy balance.
One of the main hormones involved in metabolism is insulin. Insulin, which is secreted by the pancreas, helps cells store glucose as fat, which in turn controls blood sugar levels. The body stores more fat when insulin levels are high, which can result in weight gain, particularly in those with type 2 diabetes or insulin resistance.
Fat cells generate leptin, also referred to as the “satiety hormone,” which reduces appetite and aids in the regulation of energy balance. When leptin levels are low or when the body becomes resistant to it (common in obesity), people tend to feel hungrier and eat more, which can result in weight gain.
On the other hand, ghrelin, known as the “hunger hormone,” stimulates appetite. Produced in the stomach, it increases before meals and decreases after eating. Elevated ghrelin levels can lead to overeating and weight gain, as the hormone signals the brain to consume more food.
Cortisol, the stress hormone, also plays a pivotal role in weight regulation. When stress is chronic, cortisol levels rise, promoting fat storage, particularly around the abdominal area. High cortisol levels can increase cravings for high-calorie, sugary foods, contributing to weight gain.
The thyroid gland secretes the hormones T3 and T4, which control the body’s metabolism. Insufficient hormone production by the thyroid, known as hypothyroidism, can impede metabolism and cause weight gain.
In summary, maintaining a healthy weight depends on the balance of hormones including insulin, leptin, ghrelin, cortisol, and thyroid hormones. Hormone levels are also influenced by lifestyle factors such as nutrition, stress, sleep, and exercise, which is why weight management techniques must take these into account.